Dharana is one of the eight practices (specifically number six), according to Patanjali in his Yoga Sutra, it brings the aspirant closer to self-realization.
In Sanskrit, Dharana means concentration. Patanjali defines Dharana, as the complete control of mental fixation, in places or points conducive to attention. Practicing Dharana involves fixing the mind on a particular object, either external (such as an image or deity) or internal (such as a chakra). Just as there are different meanings and techniques in Pranayama, there are also different rules to achieve the perfection of Dharana.
Types of concentration (Yoga Sutras 1.17 -1.18)
-Vitarka (dense): Relates to focusing on any solid object, associated with other activities of the mind. That includes meditation on sensory awareness, visualized things, thick breath level, attitudes, mantra syllables, or conscious thought flows.
-Vichara (subtle): Relates to subtle objects that makes anything dense left behind. Like the subtleties of matter, energy, senses, and mind itself.
-Ananda (enjoyment): Emphasizes the state of joy in meditation, which is even more subtle. In this state, the concentration is free from the dense and subtle impressions from previous levels.
-Asmita (individuality): Focuses on the sense of the individual that’s more subtle, given that it’s the “I” that’s behind the observer of any other experiences.
-Concentration without an object: The four states above directs attention to the aspirant. Beyond these four, there is another type of consciousness that lacks an object, and absorbs attention where latent impressions remain. It requires constant practice to achieve this state, and consists of allowing all the gross and subtle fluctuations of the mind, to return to the field from where they emerged.
How can we apply Dharana in our practice?
Patanjali explains that Dharana can fix the attention to something more than a single point. He also states that, the last three parts should be together, because they are progressive stages of concentration.
Thus practicing Dharana leads the Yogi to Dhyana:
- Dharana is the practice of concentrating on a particular point or theme.
- Dhyan is the state that reaches the total concentration.
- Dharana and Dhyan can lead to the 8th limb. This is the deepest stage of concentration which is called is Samadhi.
To practice Dharana, the yogi must choose a quiet place, and look for a comfortable sitting position. Eyes may be closed to focus on a chakra or mantra, or they should be open to stare at a point or object.
Some benefits of Dharana are:
- Clear mind
- Improved memory
- Ability to concentrate better
- Decreased stress and anxiety
- Increased positive emotions
Yoga helps practitioners to master or manage the art of Dharana. It involves focusing on the breath, the body, or even a mantra. The regular practice can improve itself, making people’s ability to stay focused no matter what they are doing.